Reading Warm-up – Part 13

Reading warm-up

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–۱۳, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below

Aphantasia: A life without mental images

Close your eyes and imagine walking along a sandy beach and then gazing over the horizon as the Sun rises. How clear is the image that springs to mind

Most people can readily conjure images inside their head – known as their mind’s eye. But this year scientists have described a condition, aphantasia, in which some people are unable to visualise mental images

Niel Kenmuir, from Lancaster, has always had a blind mind’s eye. He knew he was different even in childhood. “My stepfather, when I couldn’t sleep, told me to count sheep, and he explained what he meant, I tried to do it and I couldn’t,” he says. I couldn’t see any sheep jumping over fences, there was nothing to count

Our memories are often tied up in images, think back to a wedding or first day at school. As a result, Niel admits, some aspects of his memory are “terrible”, but he is very good at remembering facts. And, like others with aphantasia, he struggles to recognise faces. Yet he does not see aphantasia as a disability, but simply a different way of experiencing life

Mind’s eye blind

Ironically, Niel now works in a bookshop, although he largely sticks to the non-fiction aisles. His condition begs the question what is going on inside his picture-less mind. I asked him what happens when he tries to picture his fiancee. “This is the hardest thing to describe, what happens in my head when I think about things,” he says. When I think about my fiancee there is no image, but I am definitely thinking about her, I know today she has her hair up at the back, she’s brunette. But I’m not describing an image I am looking at, I’m remembering features about her, that’s the strangest thing and maybe that is a source of some regret

The response from his mates is a very sympathetic: “You’re weird.” But while Niel is very relaxed about his inability to picture things, it is often a cause of distress for others. One person who took part in a study into aphantasia said he had started to feel “isolated” and “alone” after discovering that other people could see images in their heads. Being unable to reminisce about his mother years after her death led to him being extremely distraught

The super-visualiser

At the other end of the spectrum is children’s book illustrator, Lauren Beard, whose work on the Fairytale Hairdresser series will be familiar to many six-year-olds. Her career relies on the vivid images that leap into her mind’s eye when she reads text from her author. When I met her in her box-room studio in Manchester, she was working on a dramatic scene in the next book. The text describes a baby perilously climbing onto a chandelier

“Straightaway I can visualise this grand glass chandelier in some sort of French kind of ballroom, and the little baby just swinging off it and really heavy thick curtains,” she says. I think I have a strong imagination, so I can create the world and then keep adding to it so it gets sort of bigger and bigger in my mind and the characters too they sort of evolve. I couldn’t really imagine what it’s like to not imagine, I think it must be a bit of a shame really

Not many people have mental imagery as vibrant as Lauren or as blank as Niel. They are the two extremes of visualisation. Adam Zeman, a professor of cognitive and behavioural neurology, wants to compare the lives and experiences of people with aphantasia and its polar-opposite hyperphantasia. His team, based at the University of Exeter, coined the term aphantasia this year in a study in the journal Cortex

Prof Zeman tells the BBC: “People who have contacted us say they are really delighted that this has been recognised and has been given a name, because they have been trying to explain to people for years that there is this oddity that they find hard to convey to others.” How we imagine is clearly very subjective – one person’s vivid scene could be another’s grainy picture. But Prof Zeman is certain that aphantasia is real. People often report being able to dream in pictures, and there have been reported cases of people losing the ability to think in images after a brain injury

He is adamant that aphantasia is “not a disorder” and says it may affect up to one in 50 people. But he adds: I think it makes quite an important difference to their experience of life because many of us spend our lives with imagery hovering somewhere in the mind’s eye which we inspect from time to time, it’s a variability of human experience

Questions 1–۵

?Do the following statements agree with the information in the IELTS reading text

In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE                          if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE                        if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN                if there is no information on this

N1. Aphantasia is a condition, which describes people, for whom it is hard to visualise mental images.  TRUE/FALSE/Not Given

N2. Niel Kenmuir was unable to count sheep in his head.  TRUE/FALSE/Not Given

N3. People with aphantasia struggle to remember personal traits and clothes of different people.  TRUE/FALSE/Not Given

N4. Niel regrets that he cannot portray an image of his fiancee in his mind.  TRUE/FALSE/Not Given

N5. Inability to picture things in someone’s head is often a cause of distress for a person.  TRUE/FALSE/Not Given

N6. All people with aphantasia start to feel ‘isolated’ or ‘alone’ at some point of their lives.  TRUE/FALSE/Not Given

N7. Lauren Beard’s career depends on her imagination.  TRUE/FALSE/Not Given

N8. The author met Lauren Beard when she was working on a comedy scene in her next book.  TRUE/FALSE/Not Given

Questions 9–۱۳

.Complete the sentences below

.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer

.N9. Only a small fraction of people have imagination as  as Lauren does

.N10. Hyperphantasia is  to aphantasia

N11. There are a lot of subjectivity in comparing people’s imagination – somebody’s vivid scene could be another person’s

.N12. Prof Zeman is  that aphantasia is not an illness

.N13. Many people spend their lives with  somewhere in the mind’s eye

:Answers

.Each question correctly answered scores 1 mark. Correct spelling is needed in all answers

N1. False N2. True N3. Not Given N4. True N5. True N6. Not Given N7. True N8. False N9. Vibrant N10. Polar-opposite N11. Grainy picture N12. Adamant N13. Imagery hovering