Reading Warm-up – Part 22

Reading warm-up

The potential to sniff out disease

The fact diseases have a smell comes as no surprise – but finding someone or something that can detect them at an early stage could hold huge potential for medicine

Breath, bodily odours and urine are all amazingly revealing about general health. Even the humble cold can give off an odour, thanks to the thick bacteria-ridden mucus that ends up in the back of the throat. The signs are not apparent to everyone – but some super-smellers are very sensitive to the odours. Joy Milne, for example, noticed her husband’s smell had changed shortly before he was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease

Humans can detect nearly 10,000 different smells. Formed by chemicals in the air, they are absorbed by little hairs, made of extremely sensitive nerve fibres, hanging from the nose’s olfactory receptors. And the human sense of smell is 10,000 times more sensitive than the sense of taste. But dogs, as the old joke might have had it, smell even better

Their ability to detect four times as many odours as humans makes them a potential early warning system for a range of diseases. Research suggesting dogs’ could sniff out cancers, for example, was first published about 10 years ago. And there have been many tales of dogs repeatedly sniffing an area of their owner’s body, only for it to turn out to be hiding a tumour

What they are smelling are the “volatile molecules” given off by cells when they become cancerous. Some studies suggest dogs can be 93% accurate. Others suggest they can detect very small tumours before clinical tests can. And yet more studies have produced mixed results

Does cancer smell

At Milton Keynes University Hospital, a small team has recently begun to collect human urine samples to test dogs’ ability to detect the smell of prostate cancer. The patients had symptoms such as difficulty urinating or a change in flow, which could turn out to be prostate, bladder or liver cancer

Rowena Fletcher, head of research and development at the hospital, says the role of the dogs – which have been trained by Medical Detection Dogs – is to pick out samples that smell of cancer. Further down the line, a clinical test will show if the dogs’ diagnosis is correct. She says the potential for using dogs in this way is far-reaching – even if it is not practical to have a dog in every surgery

“We hope one day that there could be an electronic machine on every GP’s desk which could test a urine sample for diseases by smelling it,” she says. But first we need to pick up the pattern of what the dogs are smelling

And that’s the key. Dogs can’t tell us what their noses are detecting, but scientists believe that different cancers could produce different smells, although some might also be very similar

Electronic noses

Lab tests to understand what these highly-trained dogs are smelling could then inform the development of ‘electronic noses’ to detect the same molecules. These might then give rise to better diagnostic tests in the future. The potential for using smell to test for a wide range of diseases is huge, Ms Fletcher says

Bacteria, cancers and chronic diseases could all have their own odour – which may be imperceptible to only the most sensitive humans, but obvious to dogs. It may be possible in the future to use disease odours as the basis for a national screening programme or to test everybody at risk of a certain cancer in a particular age group

However, there are fewer than 20 dogs in the UK trained to detect cancer at present. Training more will take more funding and time. On the positive side, all dogs are eligible to be trained provided they are keen on searching and hunting. Whatever their breed or size, it’s our four-legged friend’s astounding sense of smell which could unlock a whole new way of detecting human diseases

Questions  1– 5

In boxes 1– 5 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE                          if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE                        if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN                if there is no information on this

N1. You can have a specific smell even due to simple cold. T F NG

N2. Human sense of taste is 10,000 less sensetive than human sense of smell. T F NG

N3. Dogs and cats can sniff out different diseases. T F NG

N4. Doctors believe that different cancers might have the same specific smell. T F NG

N5. There are more than 20 dogs in the UK trained to detect cancer. T F NG

Questions  6 – 9

.Write the correct letter in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet

:N6. All the studies suggest that dogs

A. Can be 93% accurate
B. Can detect very small tumours
C. Can’t detect tumours at all
D. Different studies have shown different results

?N7. What scientists give dogs to detect cancer

A. Urine samples
B. Bacterias
C. Different odours
D. Nothing

?N8. What’s an electronic nose

A. A specific tool for dogs
B. A gadget to diagnose diseases
C. A recovery tool for ill patients
D. An artificial nose

:N9. The main objective of this passage is to

A. Bring awareness to the cancer problem
B. Show us how good dogs are at detecting cancer
C. Show us how important it can be to be able to diagnose a disease by an odour
D. Tell us about new technologies

Questions  10–12

.Complete the sentences below

 .N10. Scientists hope that one day an _____________  will be on every desk

 ._____________ N11. Electronic nose would help to detect the

 .N12. Dogs can _____________  a new way of diagnosing diseases

:Answers

N1.  True
N2.  True
N3.  Not Given
N4.  False
N5.  False
N6.  D
N7.  A
N8.  B
N9.  C
N10.  Electronic machine
N11.  Same molecules
N12.  Unlock